Security has to be compared to related concepts: safety Safety is the state of being "safe" , the condition of being protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other types or consequences of failure, damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event which could be considered non-desirable. This can take the form, continuity, reliability. The key difference between security and reliability is that security must take into account the actions of people attempting to cause destruction.

Security as a national condition was defined in a United Nations study (1986)^{[citation needed]}, so that they can develop and progress freely.

• With respect to classified matter, the condition that prevents unauthorized persons from having access to official information Information, in its most restricted technical sense, is an ordered sequence of symbols. As a concept, however, information has many meanings. Moreover, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, and representation that is safeguarded in the interests of national security National security is the requirement to maintain the survival of the nation-state through the use of economic, military and political power and the exercise of diplomacy.
• Measures taken by a military unit, an activity or installation to protect itself against all acts designed to, or which may,

Perceived security compared to real security

Perception of security is sometimes poorly mapped to measureable objective security. The perceived effectiveness of security measures is sometimes different from the actually security provided by those measures. The presence of security protections may even be taken for security itself. For example, two computer security Computer security is a branch of computer technology known as information security as applied to computers and networks. The objective of computer security includes protection of information and property from theft, corruption, or natural disaster, while allowing the information and property to remain accessible and productive to its intended programs could be interfering with each other and even cancelling each other's effect, while the owner believes s/he is getting double the protection.

Security theater is a critical term for deployment of measures primarily aimed at raising subjective security in a population without a genuine or commensurate concern for the effects of that measure on—and possibly decreasing—objective security. For example, some consider the screening of airline passengers based on static databases to have been Security Theater and Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System The Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System is a counter-terrorism system in place in the United States air travel industry. The United States Transportation Security Administration (TSA) maintains a watchlist, pursuant to 49 USC § 114 (h)(2), of "individuals known to pose, or suspected of posing, a risk of air piracy or terrorism or to have created a decrease in objective security.

Perception of security can also increase objective security when it affects or deters malicious behavior, as with visual signs of security protections, such as video surveillance, alarm systems in a home, or an anti-theft system in a car such as a LoJack The LoJack Stolen Vehicle Recovery System is an aftermarket vehicle tracking system that allows vehicles to be tracked by police, with the aim of recovering them in case of theft. The manufacturer claims a 90% recovery rate. The name "LoJack" was coined to be the "antithesis of hijack", meaning the theft of a vehicle through, signs A sign is an entity which signifies another entity. A natural sign is an entity which bears a causal relation to the signified entity, as thunder is a sign of storm. A conventional sign signifies by agreement, as a full stop signifies the end of a sentence..

Since some intruders will decide not to attempt to break into such areas or vehicles, there can actually be less damage to windows A window is a transparent opening in a wall or door that allows the passage of light and, if not closed or sealed, air and sound. Windows are usually glazed or covered in some other transparent or translucent material like a float glass. Windows are held in place by frames, which prevent them from collapsing in in addition to protection of valuable objects inside. Without such advertisement Advertising is a form of communication intended to persuade an audience to purchase or take some action upon products, ideals, or services. It includes the name of a product or service and how that product or service could benefit the consumer, to persuade a target market to purchase or to consume that particular brand. These brands are usually, a car-thief might, for example, approach a car, break the window, and then flee in response to an alarm being triggered. Either way, perhaps the car itself and the objects inside aren't stolen, but with perceived security even the windows of the car have a lower chance of being damaged, increasing the financial security A security is a fungible, negotiable instrument representing financial value. Securities are broadly categorized into debt securities and equity securities, e.g., common stocks; and derivative contracts, such as forwards, futures, options and swaps. The company or other entity issuing the security is called the issuer. A country's regulatory of its owner(s).

However, the non-profit, security research group, ISECOM, has determined that such signs may actually increase the violence, daring, and desperation of an intruder ^[1] This claim shows that perceived security works mostly on the provider and is not security at all ^[2].

It is important, however, for signs advertising security not to give clues as to how to subvert that security, for example in the case where a home burglar Burglary is a crime, the essence of which is entry into a building for the purposes of committing an offence. Usually that offence will be theft, but most jurisdictions specify others which fall within the ambit of burglary. To commit a burglary is to burgle (in British English) or burglarize (in American English) might be more likely to break into a certain home if he or she is able to learn beforehand which company makes its security system.

Categorising security

There is an immense literature on the analysis and categorisation of security. Part of the reason for this is that, in most security systems, the "weakest link in the chain" is the most important. The situation is asymmetric since the defender must cover all points of attack while the attacker need only identify a single weak point upon which to concentrate.

Types

• Aviation security Airport security refers to the techniques and methods used in protecting airports and aircraft from crime is a combination of measures and material and human resources intended to counter the unlawful interference with the aviation security.
• Operations Security Operations security is a process that identifies critical information to determine if friendly actions can be observed by adversary intelligence systems, determines if information obtained by adversaries could be interpreted to be useful to them, and then executes selected measures that eliminate or reduce adversary exploitation of friendly (OPSEC) is a complement to other "traditional" security measures that evaluates the organization from an adversarial perspective.^[3].

Security concepts

Certain concepts recur throughout different fields of security:

• Assurance Assurance services have been defined by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants as 'Independent Professional Services that improve information quality or its context'. Assurance services reduce the information risk; risk that the information provided is incorrect, on more than just financial data. The major purpose of assurance - assurance is the level of guarantee that a security system will behave as expected
• Countermeasure A countermeasure is a system designed to prevent sensor-based weapons from acquiring and/or destroying a target - a countermeasure is a way to stop a threat from triggering a risk event
• Defense in depth Defence in depth is a military strategy sometimes referred to as elastic defence or deep defence. Defence in depth seeks to delay rather than prevent the advance of an attacker, buying time and causing additional casualties by yielding space. Rather than defeating an attacker with a single, strong defensive line, defence in depth relies on the - never rely on one single security measure alone
• Exploit An exploit is a piece of software, a chunk of data, or sequence of commands that take advantage of a bug, glitch or vulnerability in order to cause unintended or unanticipated behavior to occur on computer software, hardware, or something electronic (usually computerised). This frequently includes such things as gaining control of a computer - a vulnerability that has been triggered by a threat - a risk of 1.0 (100%)
• Risk Risk concerns the deviation of one or more results of one or more future events from their expected value. Technically, the value of those results may be positive or negative. However, general usage tends to focus only on potential harm that may arise from a future event, which may accrue either from incurring a cost or by failing to attain some - a risk is a possible event which could cause a loss
• Threat A threat is an act of coercion wherein an act is proposed to elicit a negative response. It is a communicated intent to inflict harm or loss on another person. It is a crime in many jurisdictions. Libertarians hold that a palpable, immediate, and direct threat of aggression, embodied in the initiation of an overt act, is equivalent to aggression - a threat is a method of triggering a risk event that is dangerous
• Vulnerability Vulnerability is the susceptibility to physical or emotional injury or attack. It also means to have one's guard down, open to censure or criticism. Vulnerability refers to a person's state of being liable to succumb, as to manipulation, persuasion or temptation - a weakness in a target that can potentially be exploited by a threat

Security management in organizations

In the corporate world, various aspects of security were historically addressed separately - notably by distinct and often noncommunicating departments for IT security, physical security, and fraud prevention. Today there is a greater recognition of the interconnected nature of security requirements, an approach variously known as holistic security, "all hazards" management, and other terms.

Inciting factors in the convergence of security disciplines include the development of digital video surveillance technologies (see Professional video over IP) and the digitization and networking of physical control systems (see SCADA SCADA stands for supervisory control and data acquisition. It generally refers to an industrial control system: a computer system monitoring and controlling a process. The process can be industrial, infrastructure or facility-based as described below:)^[4][5]. Greater interdisciplinary cooperation is further evidenced by the February 2005 creation of the Alliance for Enterprise Security Risk Management, a joint venture including leading associations in security (ASIS), information security (ISSA, the Information Systems Security Association), and IT audit (ISACA ISACA is an international professional association that deals with IT Governance. It is an affiliate member of IFAC. Previously known as the Information Systems Audit and Control Association, ISACA now goes by its acronym only, to reflect the broad range of IT governance professionals it serves, the Information Systems Audit and Control Association)^[6].

In 2007 the International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) released ISO 28000 - Security Management Systems for the supply chain. Although the title supply chain is included, this Standard specifies the requirements for a security management system, including those aspects critical to security assurance for any organisation or enterprise wishing to management the security of the organisation and its activities. ISO 28000 is the foremost risk based security system and is suitable for managing both public and private regulatory security, customs and industry based security schemes and requirements.

People in the security business

Computer security

• Ross J. Anderson Ross John Anderson, FRS, is a researcher, writer, and industry consultant in security engineering. He is Professor in Security Engineering at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, where he is engaged in the Security Group
• Dan Geer Dan Geer is a computer security analyst and risk management specialist. He is recognized for raising awareness of critical computer and network security issues before the risks were widely understood, and for ground-breaking work on the economics of security
• Andrew Odlyzko
• Bruce Schneier Bruce Schneier is an American cryptographer, computer security specialist, and writer. He is the author of several books on computer security and cryptography, and is the founder and chief technology officer of BT Counterpane, formerly Counterpane Internet Security, Inc. He received his master's degree in computer science from the American
• Eugene Spafford

National security

• Richard A. Clarke Richard Alan Clarke was a U.S. government employee for 30 years, 1973–2003. He worked for the State Department during the presidency of Ronald Reagan. Following the presidency of George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton promoted Clarke to be the chief counter-terrorism adviser on the U.S. National Security Council. Under George W. Bush, Clarke no longer
• David H. Holtzman David H. Holtzman is a former security analyst and military code-breaker, a futurist, activist, security expert, technologist, technology executive, and writer. Initiatives he spearheaded have radically changed the way people interact with technology

Physical security

• James F. Pastor

See also

References

1. ^ http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Do_home_security_systems_prevent_burglaries
2. ^ http://www.isecom.org/hsm
3. ^ OSPA Website
4. ^ Taming the Two-Headed Beast, CSOonline, September 2002
5. ^ Security 2.0, CSOonline, April 2005
6. ^ AESRM Website

Categories: Security | Prevention

See Also:

• Security: Encyclopedia
• Computer Security: Encyclopedia
• Security Engineering: Encyclopedia
• Information Security: Encyclopedia
• Capability-based Security: Encyclopedia

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